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Friday, May 14, 2021
Masa Kolonial Nederland East Indies (NEI)
Masa ini bisa dibilang sebagai tahap transisi kekuasaan perlahan dari kekuasaan Inggris di Hindia Belanda. Belanda yang kembali ke Hindia Belanda berusaha menancapkan kembali kekuataannya secara menyeluruh dengan melakukan pembaharuan perjanjian kekuasaan di seluruh Hindia Belanda untuk menyatukan kekuatan secara bulat di wilayah koloni Hindia Belanda, oleh Belanda disebut sebagai Pax Netherlandica.
Gedung NHM (sekarang Museum Mandiri) Foto/1955 |
Akhir dari proses pengukuhan politik tersebut membuat Belanda mengalami krisis keuangan yang dipergunakan untuk membiayai perang. Belanda kemudian berusaha untuk menggunakan ide liberal Raffles, Land Rent untuk mendapatkan uang. Hal ini tidak cukup berhasil dan akhirnya tidak dilanjutkan karena Gubernur Jenderal Van Der Capelen tidak setuju dengan cara ini dan memilih untuk mendirikan sebuah perusahaan dagang yang dikenal dengan NHM ( Nederlansche Handel maatchappij) pada 1824.
5 Technology Trends to Look at in 2021
Technology continues to advance at a rapid rate and 2021 looks set to be no different regardless of the current situation.
New developments can help change businesses sensationally in a short period of time and we have found a few that could transform yours within the next 12 months or so.
To help you keep current with all the new developments in technology, here are the most important trends to keep an eye out for this year:
AI and Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has received a lot of attention over the past few years alone, but it appears to be gaining more pace than ever in 2021. It ranks number one on our list because of how greater impact it is having on both our work and home lives. This despite only being in the early stages. ComputingNews is just one of many expecting the AI market to grow into a $200 billion industry within the next four years.
Do you own a Google Home or Amazon Echo device? Use Google Assistant on your phone? Speech recognition has been one of the big changes in technology over the past couple of years.
Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence but is greatly in demand from skilled professionals. This is already becoming important among data scientists, automation specialists, and content curators. It will be even bigger than that in only a couple of years from now.
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
Virtual Reality (VR) can put the user into a real-world environment solely from their headset whilst Augmented Reality (AR) enhances their environment.
This technology has mostly been used for gaming to date with making PlayStation 4 games even more exciting. They have only touched the surface so far with how powerful it can be for the PS5.
And it’s only a matter of time before they become further integrated into our everyday lives. Shops could put them on the outside of their stores for passers-by to see how they look in new clothes, products, etc. That would be great when you’re looking to buy gifts for friends and family for example.
Suggested article: Best Gifts to Buy This Holiday Season
5G
Where 3G and 4G have allowed us to browse the internet from our mobile devices and increase bandwidth for streaming YouTube and the likes, 5G is expected to enhance our lives much further.
5G will be able to enable services such as the aforementioned VR and AR, cloud-based gaming and much more.
What’s more, it has the potential to be used in factories, retail and even helps improve safety in traffic management. By the end of the year, many telecom companies, including Apple, Nokia, and T-mobile are expected to launch worldwide services by the end of the year.
Blockchain
Blockchain is currently mostly associated with cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, but few realise it can offer security in ways other technologies cannot.
The chain of data is secured by being unable to change. They are so secure that no one entity can take sole control of the set of data.
Internet of Things
The phrase Internet of Things (IoT) has been around for a few years now. Many products are now built with WiFi connectivity and can be connected to each other. Hence where the name comes from.
Used in devices, home appliances, homes, and many more products means you’re probably already using the Internet of Things without perhaps knowing about it. If you’re locking your doors remotely, track your steps walking and running using FitBit and even turn our bedroom lights on from a different room.
Suggested article: Activity trackers and the Internet of Things
This is just the beginning of what IoT can be doing for us in a couple of years from now. Our lives will be more efficient and safer in the near future.
The post 5 Technology Trends to Look at in 2021 appeared first on ArticlesBase.com.
https://articlesbase.com/5-technology-trends-to-look-at-in-2021/
What is the Most Profitable Hydroponic Crop to Grow?
A person considering growing crops hydroponically for profit should do their research before beginning to set up their hydroponic gardens. To be successful at this enterprise, a person must purchase the correct equipment, install it properly, and choose the best crops to grow for profit. This should not be a seat-of-the-pants operation. Hydroponic gardening done correctly yields healthy, salable crops all year round. Hydroponic gardens set up inside an appropriate building are not subject to winter freezes or summer dry spells.
Getting Started With Hydroponic Gardening
To start a hydroponic garden, gather all the information available to help choose the correct equipment and crops to grow. Find or build the best building for hydroponic gardening. The building should be large enough for the starter garden and have room for expansion as the knowledge and business grows. Hydroponic gardening has a hefty initial cost, and those funds must be available. Then, the first crops should be ones that will bring in a sizable cash flow the first season.
Suggested article: What is the Most Profitable Hydroponic Crop to Grow?
After making the investment in hydroponic gardening building and equipment, the grower must choose the correct first crops to make part of their investment back quickly. Some of the most profitable crops to start with are:
Bay leaves are an herb that is much valued in cooking and goes for about $30 per pound. This herb is used in soups, hot-dishes, roasted pork and chicken, and more. Bay leaves are grown on laurel trees and are a slow-growing crop using the drip irrigation system. The plants are cold-resistant but prefer a nice warm, dry growing environment. They are low maintenance and can bring high income.
Chives taste like onion and are used to season many dishes. They are an easy, profitable crop to grow. They are also a natural insect repellent. Chives can be planted in small, close spaces and can yield $14.00 per pound.
Ginseng can sell for from $500 to $600 per pound when dried. It is a root crop used in teas and energy drinks. It is also used in herbal supplements. It contains antioxidants. This crop grows slowly, so the turn around takes more time. Since it has a high price, the time is worth it.
Dill is very easy to grow and it is a valued herb selling for around $14 per pound. It needs to be replanted every three to four weeks since plants do not regrow when pruned. It is easy to grow with a fast turn around, so it is a wonderful hydroponic crop.
Basil is a high-demand herb that is sold for around $14 per pound. It is easy to grow with a lot of light. Basil comes in more than 100 species with varied flavors from lime to licorice. Most growers plant several types of basil.
Cilantro can be another high-profit herb for hydroponic gardening. It is used in Mexican, Chinese, and Thai cooking as well as many American dishes. Harvest can come in as little as three or four weeks to help with cash flow.
Strawberries are a fruit that is always popular and brings $2 to $6 per pound. It is most popular in the winter when traditionally grown strawberries are out of season. Strawberry plants can be heavy producers.
Lettuce will grow in the simplest hydroponic systems with minimal attention. When the outer leaves are harvested, the inner leaves grow to take their place. They don’t like hot temperatures and should be grown at 50 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit, and supplying them with nitrogen will increase the yields.
Tomatoes give a steady supply of produce when grown correctly. They like temperatures between 58 and 79 degrees Fahrenheit. This crop requires a little more expertise for best results but is a good income maker.
Cucumbers grow best with lots of moisture, warmth, and nutrients, and are one of the highest-yielding vegetables hydroponic gardeners can grow. They need to be grown with supported trellises since they are vining plants.
Peppers can grow in any season and give superior yields. They grow best in an ebb and flow type system, and they require a little more room and special lighting.
These are only part of the vegetables that can be grown in hydroponic gardens for maximum profit or for family use. Additional plants to grow include spinach, Swiss chard, kale, celery, beans, mint, and parsley. It is wise to grow a variety of crops to keep a steady harvest and income for commercial growing operations.
Setting Up a Hydroponic Garden
There are six types of hydroponic growing systems to consider:
The wick system is good for beginners. This is the easiest system mechanically with no moving parts or electrical components. But, it is limited in crops and size. It calls for a water reservoir, a wick, a growing tray, a growing medium, and a light fixture.The water culture system is also good for beginners. This system requires a styrofoam platform, a water reservoir, nutrient-enriched water, an aeration system, and seedlings in net pots. This system is only good for water-hungry plants such as lettuce.The ebb and flow system is good for beginners. It is more complicated but very versatile. This system requires a water reservoir, water, hydroponic fertilizer, a growing tray, seedlings in net pots, a grow light, two tubes, one submersible pump, and an electronic timer.The drip system is relatively simple. It requires an electronic timer, submersible water pump, air pump, nutrient solution, tubing, grow trays, water containers, water, growing medium, drip emitters, and seedlings in pots.The nutrient film technique is a more advanced system. It requires a grow light, an air stone and pump, tubing, a submersible pump, a water reservoir, water, hydroponic fertilizer, and seedlings in net pots.The aeroponic system is also for more-advanced gardeners. This system has plant roots suspended in the air and periodically misted with water and nutrients. It requires advanced pumps and misters. If the equipment does not work, the roots can dry out and die in a short time. This system requires more vigilance. You will need the water containers, water, nutrients, tubing, seedlings in net pots, pumps, and sprayer with misting head.
The choice of the hydroponic system will depend on many factors, including the size of the proposed operation, budget, plants to be grown, skill level, and the time available to oversee the gardens. Some growers use several systems for different crops.
Suggested reference: Round Rock Tree Experts
It might be a good idea to start small and try several systems before deciding on the main system for a large operation. Buy the equipment and the seedlings from reputable suppliers with good customer service reputations. Don’t cut corners on the garden set up, and plan on spending the needed time overseeing the operation. Equipment problems need to be discovered and fixed quickly to avoid the loss of plants.
The post What is the Most Profitable Hydroponic Crop to Grow? appeared first on ArticlesBase.com.
https://articlesbase.com/what-is-the-most-profitable-hydroponic-crop-to-grow/
Masa Kolonialisme Inggris 1811-1816
Pada 1811 Inggris berhasil mengalahkan Perancis pada perang Napoleon dan memperoleh konsesi khusus berdasarkan Belanda yaitu dominasi terhadap semua wilayah jajahan Belanda, Malaysia, Suriname, Brasil, India, Afrika Selatan, dan termasuk Hindia Belanda. Penguasaan Inggris ini berlangsung selama lebih kurang lima tahun antara tahun 1811 ? 1816, penyerahan ini dilakukan dengan sebuah perjanjian yg pada kenal dengan ? Kapitulasi Tuntang ? Isinya sekitar penyerahan kekuasaan pada Jawa pada Inggris selepas pembebasan Belanda menurut Perancis.
Hasil dari perjanjian tadi menyebabkan Inggris mempunyai kekuasaan atas Jawa. Atas hal tersebut Inggris mengangkat Thomas Stamford Raffles menjadi Gubernur Jenderal Hindia Belanda. Pengangkatan ini menurut rekomendasi berdasarkan Gubernur Jenderal Inggris di India, Lord Minto yg yakin Raffles dapat memajukan Hindia Belanda lebih dari India.
Dalam pemerintahannya Raffles mengedepankan dengan semangat pembaharuan (Enlightement) dengan membawa ideologi liberalisme.
Kebijakan Raffles 1811-1816
Dalam bidang politik Raffles membagi Jawa menjadi 16 Keresidenan. Residen-residen (bupati) bertindak harus sebagai pejabat pemerintahan bukan pegawai dari raja-raja jawa, sehingga Residen dan Raja derajatnya adalah sama. Hal ini dilakukan sebagai langkah Raffles mereformasi Birokrasi dengan menghapuskan Feodalisme di Jawa. Para Bupati diberikan gaji berupa uang bukan lagi hasil bumi (Inatura).
Dalam upaya penghapusan Feodalisme, Raffles menerapkan Sistem Sewa Tanah atau Land Rent yang menghapus penguasaan tanah oleh bangsawan-bangsawan Jawa, tanah milik petani. Sistem sewa tanah ini diterapkan agar dapat dimanfaatkan oleh Investor untuk mengembangkan usaha Perkebunan yang berusaha digalakan menggantikan pertanian. Investor dapat menyewa tanah kepada petani sampai 70 tahun.
Kerja Rodi dibatasi oleh Raffles, hal tersebut karena Raffles memandang bahwa kerja yang seharusnya adalah Kerja Upah bukan kerja Paksa. Selain itu pajak hasil bumi atau Inaatura dihapuskan dan diganti dengan pajak uang. Hal ini sejalan dengan upaya Raffles untuk memonoteisasi keuangan dengan memperkenalkan uang sebagai alat tukar. Hal ini nanti akan menjadi masalah karena ketidaksiapan penduduk pribumi menerima sistem uang, masyarakat masih bingung cara mempergunakan uang, sehingga berakibat pada kesulitan petani membayar pajak.
Hal yang ditinggalkan sang Raffles
Raffles meskipun berposisi sebagai Gubernur Jenderal, kecintaan Raffles terhadap ilmu pengetahuan tidak bisa dielakan. Selama masa pemerintahnnya Raffles menulis buku sejumlah 2 jilid yaituHistory of Java yang berisi catatan Raffles mengenai sejarah dan kebudayaan Jawa. Raffles pun mendirikan sebuah lembaga yang menaungi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan di Batavia yang bernama Bataviarch Genotchap. Kemudian Raffles mendirikan sebuah suaka dalam pengembangan ilmu biologi, hal ini dinilai sebagai cikal bakal Kebun Raya Bogor.
Penghapusan diskirminasi dan penjualan budak adalah kebijakan Raffles pada mengatasi pertarungan sosial pada Jawa, khususnya Batavia. Rafflesia Arnoldi merupakan penghargaan yg disematkan atas jasa Raffles mempopulerkan bunga Bangkai.
Akhir kekuasaan Raffles ditandai menggunakan penandatanganan Konvensi London 1814, dimana Belanda secara bertahap menerima konsesi dari Inggris buat kembali menguasai Hindia Belanda. Yang menarik bahwa Raffles pernah melayangkan sebuah permintaan pada Kerajaan Inggris supaya Pulau Jawa nir dikembalikan pada Belanda. Hal ini karena Pulau Jawa adalah sumber dari kekayaan Alam, tanah yang subur dan budaya yg tinggi sebagai alasan Raffles meminta Inggris buat mempertahankan Pulau Jawa. Meskipun dalam akhirnya permintaan tersebut tidak dapat dipenuhi & Jawa dan seluruh bagian berdasarkan Hindia Belanda secara holistik kembali ke tangan Belanda.
Inggris hanya mengembalikan Hindia Belanda, jajahan Belanda yg lan seperti Malaysia, India, Suriname, Brasil, dan Afrika Selatan permanen di tangan Inggris. Raffles akhirnya digeser ke Bengkulu sebelum dipindahkan secara total ke Singapura. Disana Raffles lebih leluasa buat menerapkan pemikiran liberalnya.
Thursday, May 13, 2021
Masa Tanam Paksa (Cultuur Stelsel) 1830-1870
Latar belakang penerapan Cultuur Stelsel yang adalah serangkaian berdasarkan kebijakan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda diawali sang ketidaksenangan kalangan bangsawan pada Negeri Belanda (Eropa) terhadap cara-cara liberal yg diberlakukan di daerah kolonial, hal ini pada dukung dengan kemenangan golongan konservatif di Parlemen Belanda yang menginginkan cara usang yaitu penerapan politik Batig Slot ( eksploitasi skala besar ) terhadap wilayah koloni.
Parlemen beralasan bahwa Kerajaan Belanda membutuhkan anggara buat menutupi kekosongan kas kerajaan yang habis dampak membiayai Perang Diponegoro & Paderi pada upaya Politik Pax Netherlandica.
Usulan lalu datang dari Van den Bosch (1829), ? Untuk mengisi kas negara yg kosong bisa dilakukan dengan pemberlakuan kebijakan tanam paksa menggunakan menanam tanaman eskpor secara besar -besaran yg laris pada pasar Eropa.?
Selain itu ada usul lain menurut Du Bus de Gisignies yg mengusulkan buat balik pada cara-cara liberal dengan menyewakan tanah kepada pihak partikelir, ilham ini sontak ditentang sang Parlemen yg dikuasai golongan Konservatif yang anti cara liberalisme & kemudian lebih menyetujui cara Van den Bosch yg sejalan menggunakan Politik Batig Slot. Kemudian Van den Bosch sebagai Gubernur Jenderal Hindia Belanda (1830-1834)
Jenis Komoditi Tanam Paksa
- Tebu
- Kopi
- Teh
- Tembakau
- Cokelat
- Kina
- Nila atau Indigo
- Kelapa Sawit
Teori Tata Cara Tanam Paksa :
- 1/5 tanah milik petani ditanami tanaman eskpor, 1/5 lainnya untuk tanaman petani sendiri.
- Tanah yang ditanami tanaman eskpor bebas pajak
- Jam kerja petani untuk mengurusi tanaman eskpor tidak melebih waktu kerja petani untuk mengurus tanahnya sendiri
- Apabila hasil tanam paksa melebihi kuota yang ditargetkan, maka kelebihannya untuk petani
- Rusak atau gagal panen tanaman eskpor ditanggung oleh pemerintah
- Penduduk yang bukan petani wajib kerja di perkebunan pemerintah selama 1/5 tahun
- Penduduk bekerja dibawah pimpinan lurah dan pengawas dari pemerintah kolonial
Praktek atau Kenyataanya :
- Bukan 1/5 melainkan seluruh tanah petani untuk ditanami tanaman ekspor
- Seluruh tanah dibebankan pajak
- Jam kerja petani lebih banyak dihabiskan untuk tanaman dan kebun pemetintah
- Kelebihan panen tidak dikembalikan dan ditambahkan pajak juga
- Gagal panen dan kerusakan ditanggung oleh petani
- Waktu wajib kerja diperkebunan melebihi 1/5 tahun
- Bagi pejabat lurah atau bupati akan mendapatkan Cultuur Procenten (bonus) jika daerahnya bisa melebihi kuota ekspor, sehingga menimbulkan kesewenang-wenangan bupati kepada petani karena ingin mendapatkan Cultuur Procenten.
Pembabakan Masa Tanam Paksa
- 1830-1850 : Eksploitasi besar-besaran untuk mendapatkan keuntungan maksimum. Pada masa ini NHM menjadi perusahaan negara yang paling kaya di Eropa dengan kekayaan 848 Juta Gulden, dua kali kekayaan VOC dalam satu tahun.
- 1850-1870 : Kemunduran yang disebabkan oleh tekanan politik dari dalam Negeri Belanda sendiri. Petani-petani mulai meninggalkan tanah-tanah mereka dan mulai merampok perkebunan-perkebunan pemerintah karena kesengsaraan petani-petani tersebut. Perkembangan Revolusi Industri dan Kapitalisme di Eropa yang menyebabkan cara-cara monopoli harus ditinggalkan.
Akibat-akibat Tanam Paksa
Akibat dari tanam paksa diantaranya diversifikasi pertanian yg menyebabkan sosialisasi jenis-jenis tanaman baru disertai menggunakan mekanisasi alat-alat pertanian. Selain itu tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa Tanam Paksa membawa kesengsaraan & kelaparan bagi penduduk pribumi, hal ini disertai kelaparan pada daerah-daerah Jawa seperti Grobogan, Semarang, Demak, & Pati.
Tanam Paksa akhirnya berakhir pasca kemenangan golongan Liberal menguasai Parlemen Belanda yang menghapuskan Tanam Paksa dan mengedepankan liberalisasi ekonomi.
Hal ini diikuti dengan pengeluarannya undang-undang baru seperti Swiker Wet (UU Gula) 1864, Comptabiliteit Wet 1848 yang memuat tata penyusunan anggaran, Agarische Wet (UU Agraris) yang memberikan kesempatan swasta untuk menyewa tanah, dan mengganti sistem Batig Slot dengan Politik Pintu Terbuka (Open Door Policy) yang membuka Hindia Belanda untuk investasi swasta.
Kritik sosial turut berperan dalam upaya penghapusan tanam paksa yang di pelopori oleh cendikiawan antara lain Mutten de Waal dan Douwes Dekker atau Multatulis yang menulis Max Havelar yang memuat kecurangan Belanda dalam perdagangan gula di Lebak.